Prijedlog konstrukcijskog rješenja za smanjenje rizika nastajanja skijaških ozljeda

master's thesis

• Title (english): Device design proposal for reducing the risk of skiing injuries
• Author: Jure Josip Cicvarić
• Mentor: Aleksandar Sušić (mentor)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture; Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2020-05-15, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: TECHNICAL SCIENCES; Mechanical Engineering; General Mechanical Engineering (Construction)

Abstract

Cilj ovog rada jest prijedlog konstrukcijskog rješenja čija je zadaća smanjiti rizik nastajanja skijaških ozljeda. U uvodu se opisuje skijanje kao iznimno kompliciran, složen i zahtjevan način kretanja s velikim rizikom od nezgoda, padova i ozljeda. Nadalje, prikazana je biomehanika skijaškog zavoja. Prikazani su pokreti skijaša u sagitalnoj, frontalnoj i transferzalnoj ravnini te je definiran kritičan trenutak koji se događa između dva zavoja i označuje trenutak u kojem dolazi do promjene opterećenja s jedne vanjske noge skijaša na drugu vanjsku nogu skijaša. Uz pomoć programskog paketa Kinovea, napravljena je analiza promjene kuta između potkoljenice i natkoljenice na vanjskoj i unutarnjoj nozi tokom izvođenja skijaškog zavoja. Utvrđeno je da kut između potkoljenice i natkoljenice vanjske noge raste od kritičnog trenutka do sredine zavoja, a kut između potkoljenice i natkoljenice unutarnje noge opada od kritičnog trenutka do sredine zavoja. Završetak biomehaničke analize prikazuje sile i momente koji opterećuju skijaša tijekom izvođenja zavoja te definira rizične situacije koje mogu uzrokovati nastajanje ozljede. U nastavku su prikazani uređaji dostupni na tržištu i njihove prednosti i nedostaci, te jedini relevantni patent za ovo područje primjene. Predstavljena je definicija cilja i konstrukcijski zahtjevi za prijedlog konstrukcije. Kao glavni zahtjevi ističu se antropometrijsko prilagođavanje konstrukcije korisniku i sprječavanje kuta torzije potkoljenice u odnosu na natkoljenicu većeg od 4⁰. Definirana je funkcijska struktura s modelom relacija iz kojih je dalje formirana morfološka matrica za generiranje koncepata. Koncept 1 se može dobro antropometrijski prilagoditi korisniku, te zbog svojeg oblika sprječava prekomjerni kut torzije potkoljenice u odnosu na natkoljenicu. Težina skijaša smanjuje se uz pomoć plinskog prigušivača. Koncept 2 je izrađen na principu steznika te se kao takav u potpunosti prilagođava antropometrijskim mjerama korisnika. Sprječava prekomjerni kut torzije potkoljenice uz pomoć plinskih prigušivača, a opruge služe za smanjivanje težine korisnika. Vrednovanjem koncepata, zbog veće konačne ocjene detaljnije se prikazuje koncept 2.

Abstract (english)

The goal of this paper is to propose a device design whose main purpose is to reduce the risk of ski injuries. Introduction describes skiing as an extremely complicated, complex and demanding style of moving with a high risk of accidents, falls and injuries. Furthermore, the biomechanics of the ski turn is presented. The movements of the skiers in the sagittal, frontal and transferal planes are shown and a critical moment that occurs between the two turns and indicates the moment when the load transfers from one outer leg of the skier to the other outer leg of the skier is defined. With the help of the Kinovea software package, an analysis of the change of angle between the lower leg and the upper leg on the outer and inner legs during the ski turn was made. It has been found that the angle between the lower leg and the upper leg at outer leg increases from the critical moment to the middle of the turn, and the angle between the lower leg and the upper leg at inner leg decreases from the critical moment to the middle of the turn. The completion of the biomechanical analysis shows the forces and the moments that load the skier while performing the turn and identifies the high-risk situations that can cause injury. In continuation, commercially available devices along with their advantages and disadvantages, and the only relevant patent for this scope are shown. The definition of the goal and design requirements for the proposal of the device design are presented. The main requirements are the anthropometric adjustment of the structure to the user and the prevention of the torsion angle over 4⁰ of the lower leg in relation to the upper leg. A functional structure was defined with a model of relations from which a morphological matrix was further formed to generate concepts. Concept 1 can be well anthropometrically adjusted to the user, and because of its shape it prevents excessive torsion angle of the lower leg relative to the upper leg. The weight of the skier is reduced with the help of a shock absorber. Concept 2 is made on the principle of hamstring support and as such is fully adapted to the anthropometric measures of any user. It prevents excessive torsion angle of the lower leg with the help of a shock absorber, and the springs are used to reduce the weight of the user. By evaluating the concepts, due to the higher final rating, Concept 2 is presented in more detail.

• Keywords: Skijanje; biomehanika; skijaške ozljede; prijedlog konstrukcije za smanjenje rizika nastajanja skijaških ozljeda
• Keywords (english): Skiing; biomechanics; ski related injuries; device design proposal for reducing the risk of skiing injuries
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:235:702581
• Study programme: Title: Mechanical Engineering; Study programme type: university; Study level: graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra inženjer/inženjerka strojarstva (magistar/magistra inženjer/inženjerka strojarstva)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2020-05-06 18:46:08