Matematički model kogeneracijskog postrojenja na gorivo iz otpada

master's thesis

• Title (english): Mathematical model of a cogeneration plant fuelled by RDF
• Author: Mihael Slunjski
• Mentor: Daniel Rolph Schneider (mentor)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture; Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2016-12-10, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: TECHNICAL SCIENCES; Mechanical Engineering

Abstract

Otpad je jedan od najvećih problema današnjice, stoga je u budućnosti potrebno uložiti znatno više truda, vremena i novaca u sustave gospodarenja otpadom. Na količinu otpada znatno se može utjecati već prilikom dizajniranja proizvoda, a mogućnosti recikliranja otpada, najboljeg načina saniranja otpada, značajno su umanjene zbog needuciranosti građana.

Dok se stanje svijesti građana i lokalni pristup gospodarenju otpadom ne promjeni, te sustav gospodarenja otpadom bude spreman za kvalitetnije recikliranje otpada, dovoljno dobra alternativa je spaljivanje otpada.

Iako su spalionice otpada u javnosti najčešće prikazane kao veliki zagađivači okoliša, one to zapravo nisu. Spalionice otpada podliježu Direktivi o spaljivanju i suspaljivanju otpada u kojoj su strogo definirani uvjeti rada i granične vrijednosti onečišćujućih tvari. Kako bi zadovoljile zahtjeve Direktive spalionice otpada moraju imati sofisticirane sustave izgaranja i obrade dimnih plinova, kao što je na primjer izgaranje u fluidiziranom mjehuričastom sloju, DeNOx i DeSOx sustavi, sustavi odvajanja teških metala. Prema pisanju časopisa New York Times, moderne spalionice su toliko čiste, imaju tako male emisije štetnih plinova u atmosferu da daleko veću opasnost od emitiranja dioksina u atmosferu predstavljaju ispusti iz kamina u domaćinstvu ili s dvorišnih roštilja nego iz spalionice.

Osim smanjenja volumena otpada, spalionice se koriste i pri generiranju pare u kotlovima postrojenja za proizvodnju električne energije.

Ako se postrojenje za spaljivanje otpada izgradi pokraj tvornice kojoj je potrebna para za tehnološki proces ili u blizini stambenog bloka, spalionica se može koristiti za kogenerativnu proizvodnju električne i toplinske energije. Kogeneracijska postrojenja učinkovitija su od termoelektrana koje proizvode samo električnu energiju jer im je ukupna iskoristivost znatno viša.

U ovom radu obrađena je problematika matematičkog modela Rankineovog procesa kogeneracijske spalionice otpada. Prikazane su promjene parametara postrojenja u različitim režimima rada (60% do 100% opterećenja), ovisnosti snaga, masenih i energetskih tokova i iskoristivosti u ovisnosti o temperaturama kondenzacije.

Abstract (english)

Waste is one of the biggest problems of today, consequently we need to invest considerably more effort, time and money in waste management systems. Waste quantity can be significantly reduced in the product desining stage, while recycling capacity, best way to handle waste, is greatly diminished due to lack of education of average citizen.

Until our state of mind and local waste management makes noticable change, or until our waste recycling systems improve in quality, good enough alternative is to burn it.

Although waste incinerators are seen as great polluters by the public, that is not the fact. Waste incinerators are subject to the Waste Incineration Directive in which strict rules and conditions define allowed pollutant emmisions. In order to meet those rules waste incinerators must have sophisticated incineration and flue gases tretment systems. E.g. combustion in a fluidized bubble coat, DeNOx i DeSOx systems, heavy metal separation systems. According to New York Times, modern waste incinerators are so clean, and emmit so few pollutants, that they outperform household fireplaces and barbecues in dioxin emissions.

Apart from waste volume reduction, incinerators generate steam for production of electrical energy.

Waste incinerators can be used for combined electricity and heat production if built near a factory which utilizes heat or near residential area. Combined electricity and heat production plants are more efficient than power plants where only electricity is generated.

This paper deals with mathematical model of Rankine process in waste incinerator with combined heat and electricity generation. It is shown how different parameters change depending on different loads (60% - 100%), different power outputs, mass and energy flows and efficiency changes in correlation with condensation temperature.

• Keywords: kogeneracija; strojarstvo; energetika; spalionica otpada
• Keywords (english): cogeneration; mechanical engineering; power engineering; waste incineration plant
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:235:867588
• Study programme: Title: Mechanical Engineering; Study programme type: university; Study level: graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra inženjer/inženjerka strojarstva (magistar/magistra inženjer/inženjerka strojarstva)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2019-05-22 17:57:23